| Vitamin E (natural d-alpha vs synthetic dl-alpha tocopherol) | Prostate outcome in healthy men (SELECT extended follow-up)↑ImprovedForm tested: all rac-α-tocopheryl acetate (synthetic) | Grade B | RCT · n = 34,887 · 20112 graded rows for this goal |
| Vitamin A (retinyl palmitate vs beta-carotene) | Harms in male smokers with beta-carotene (ATBC)↑ImprovedForm tested: beta carotene (with or without alpha-tocopherol) | Grade B | RCT · n = 29,133 · 19943 graded rows for this goal |
| Zinc (picolinate vs gluconate vs bisglycinate) | Progression of an age-related eye condition (AREDS formula)↓WorsenedForm tested: zinc oxide, alone or with antioxidants (plus copper) | Grade B | RCT · n = 3,640 · 2001 |
| Whey protein (and other protein powders) | Strength, physical performance and body composition in adults 60+?MixedForm tested: whey protein | Grade B | meta-analysis · n = 2,105 · 2024 |
| HMB (beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate) | Muscle mass, strength and physical function in adults over 50↑ImprovedForm tested: HMB (oral) | Grade B | meta-analysis · n = 1,935 · 2025 |
| Creatine monohydrate | Lean mass and strength in postmenopausal women↑ImprovedForm tested: creatine monohydrate | Grade B | meta-analysis · n = 608 · 2026 |
| Magnesium glycinate | Migraine attack frequency↑ImprovedForm tested: Oral magnesium (forms varied by trial) | Grade C | meta-analysis · n = 789 · 20163 graded rows for this goal |
| NMN (nicotinamide mononucleotide) | Gait speed and liver enzymes in middle-aged and older adults↑ImprovedForm tested: NMN | Grade C | meta-analysis · n = 412 · 20252 graded rows for this goal |
| NAC (N-acetylcysteine) | Glutathione status in healthy older adults (GlyNAC)↔No effectForm tested: glycine plus NAC (1:1) vs control | Grade C | RCT · n = 114 · 20222 graded rows for this goal |
| Nicotinamide riboside (NR) | Six-minute walking distance↑ImprovedForm tested: Nicotinamide riboside, with or without resveratrol, vs placebo | Grade C | RCT · n = 90 · 20242 graded rows for this goal |
| Spermidine | Safety and blood polyamines at a high amount↔No effectForm tested: High-purity spermidine trihydrochloride vs placebo | Grade D | RCT · n = 37 · 20242 graded rows for this goal |
| Reishi mushroom | Blood and urine antioxidant markers↑ImprovedForm tested: Lingzhi (Ganoderma lucidum) vs placebo | Grade D | crossover-RCT · n = 10 · 2004 |
| Selenium (selenomethionine vs selenite) | SELECT trial primary end point (men 50+)↔No effectForm tested: L-selenomethionine | No effect | RCT · n = 35,533 · 20092 graded rows for this goal |
| Vitamin D3 vs D2 | Major health events in healthy older adults (VITAL primary end points)↔No effectForm tested: vitamin D3 | No effect | RCT · n = 25,871 · 2019 |
| Omega-3 (fish oil, krill oil, algal oil) | Eye comfort and tear-film measures↔No effectForm tested: fish-derived EPA + DHA vs olive oil placebo | No effect | RCT · n = 535 · 2018 |
| Magnesium | Muscle cramps (older adults)↔No effectForm tested: Oral magnesium (forms varied by trial) | No effect | meta-analysis · n = 307 · 2020 |
