Bifidobacterium breve
Also called B. breve, B. breve A1 (MCC1274), B. breve B-3, B. breve Bif195, B. breve M-16V, B. breve PRL2020.
Best grade C across 13 graded outcomes Other Last checked
The short answer
From 16 sourcesBifidobacterium breve results are strain-specific. Strain A1 improved memory scores in 79 older adults with suspected mild cognitive impairment but not in a 117-person trial overall; B-3 and BBr60 lowered body fat or weight in 12-week trials (grade C–D); Bif195 reduced aspirin stomach damage in 25 volunteers. Preterm-infant evidence for M-16V is very low quality.
Every graded outcome on this page
13 rows · line = participants- CGrade CCognition in older adults with memory complaints (strain A1)Memoryn 117
- CGrade CCognition and brain atrophy in suspected mild cognitive impairment (strain A1)Memoryn 115
- CGrade CBody fat, weight and waist (strain B-3)Body weightn 83
- CGrade CMemory and cognition in suspected mild cognitive impairment (strain A1)Memoryn 79
- DGrade DGut and infection outcomes in preterm infants (strain M-16V)Preterm infantsn 482
- DGrade DAntibiotic-associated diarrhoea in children (strain PRL2020)Antibiotic diarrhoean 121
- DGrade DWeight, BMI and fasting glucose in overweight young adults (strain BBr60)Body weightn 75
- DGrade DIBS symptom severity in diarrhoea-predominant IBS (strain Bif195)IBSn 52
- DGrade DMuscle strength in sarcopenia (heat-killed strain B-3)Musclen 49
- DGrade DDepressive symptoms in major depressive disorder (strain CCFM1025)Moodn 45
- DGrade DSleep quality in stress-related insomnia (strain CCFM1025)Sleepn 40
- DGrade DAspirin-induced stomach and duodenal damage (strain Bif195)Stomach liningn 25
- ∅No effectExercise-induced gut permeability and symptoms (strain Bif195)Gut barriern 126
- 10 more graded outcomes, in the evidence chapter
Key facts
- What it is
- A Bifidobacterium species sold as named strains; results apply to the strain tested, not the species as a whole235
- Memory (strain A1)
- 2 × 10¹⁰ CFU/day for 16 weeks raised RBANS total score by 11.3 points versus placebo in 79 older adults with suspected MCI2
- Memory over 24 weeks (A1)
- In 115 older adults with suspected MCI, only the ADAS-Jcog orientation subscale beat placebo; brain atrophy tended to progress less11
- Body fat (strain B-3)
- 5 billion CFU/day for 12 weeks lowered body fat, waist and hip versus placebo in 83 healthy adults3
- Aspirin stomach damage (Bif195)
- ≥10¹¹ CFU/day with 300 mg aspirin for 4 weeks lowered gastric damage scores versus placebo (odds ratio 7.2) in 25 volunteers5
- Antibiotic diarrhoea in children (PRL2020)
- An antibiotic-resistant strain given with amoxicillin cut the incidence of diarrhoea by about 70% in 121 children (open-label, no placebo)14
- Safety warning
- Severe or fatal infections have been reported in premature infants given probiotics; risk is higher with serious illness or weak immunity10
What it is
Bifidobacterium breve is a probiotic bacterium sold as named strains (A1, B-3, Bif195, M-16V), each with its own trials.
How it works
ProposedLike other bifidobacteria, B. breve ferments carbohydrates in the colon and interacts with the gut lining and immune cells. Trial authors propose strain-specific routes, such as gut-brain signalling for memory and sleep, and shifts in gut bacteria and metabolites for body weight; none has been confirmed as the cause of the clinical results.247
Forms, side by side
4 forms named in our sources. The rest show what our data holds, and say plainly where it holds nothing yet.
Bifidobacterium breve forms compared
4 forms| 4 forms | B. breve A1 (MCC1274) | B. breve B-3 | B. breve Bif195 | B. breve M-16V |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Absorption in people | Not applicable (acts in the gut); no head-to-head strain data.2 | Not applicable (acts in the gut).3 | Not applicable (acts in the gut).5 | Not applicable (acts in the gut).8 |
| GI tolerance | No adverse events in the 16-week MCI trial or the 12-week memory-complaint trial.21 | No severe adverse reactions in 12 weeks.3 | Adverse events no different from placebo in a 126-person trial; no related events in the aspirin trial.65 | No adverse effects reported in the included preterm-infant studies.8 |
| Studied for | Memory and brain atrophy in older adults (2 × 10¹⁰ CFU/day) | Body fat (5 billion CFU/day live); muscle strength in sarcopenia (2 × 10¹⁰ heat-killed cells/day, no effect) | Aspirin-related stomach damage (≥10¹¹ CFU/day); diarrhoea-predominant IBS (no symptom effect) | Preterm infants in hospital (very low-quality evidence) |
- B. breve A1 (MCC1274)
- Absorption in people
- Not applicable (acts in the gut); no head-to-head strain data.2
- Studied for
- Memory and brain atrophy in older adults (2 × 10¹⁰ CFU/day)
- B. breve B-3
- B. breve Bif195
- B. breve M-16V
What the human research says
Human trials only, one row per outcome. The form line shows what each trial actually tested. Grades follow our evidence-grading policy.
Trial map
13 graded outcomes, largest study first13 graded outcomes: 7 improved, 2 mixed, 4 no effect. The largest, a 2018 systematic review of 482 people on gut and infection outcomes in preterm infants (strain M-16V), found mixed results.
1Gut and infection outcomes in preterm infants (strain M-16V)
Mixed · Grade D · Systematic review, 482 people, 2018
Preterm infants (5 RCTs plus 4 non-randomized studies)
Dose, result and source| Outcome | Found | People | Study | Who was studied |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gut and infection outcomes in preterm infants (strain M-16V) | Mixed | 482 | Grade D · Systematic review, 2018 | Preterm infants (5 RCTs plus 4 non-randomized studies) |
| Exercise-induced gut permeability and symptoms (strain Bif195) | No effect | 126 | No-effect grade · RCT, 2022 | Well-trained healthy adults doing a 1-hour treadmill challenge |
| Antibiotic-associated diarrhoea in children (strain PRL2020) | Improved | 121 | Grade D · Open-label trial, 2026 | Children aged 3–12 taking amoxicillin or amoxicillin-clavulanate |
| Cognition in older adults with memory complaints (strain A1) | No effect | 117 | Grade C · RCT, 2019 | Older adults with memory complaints (Japan) |
| Cognition and brain atrophy in suspected mild cognitive impairment (strain A1) | Mixed | 115 | Grade C · RCT, 2022 | Adults aged 65–88 with suspected mild cognitive impairment |
| Body fat, weight and waist (strain B-3) | Improved | 83 | Grade C · RCT, 2022 | Healthy adults (Korea) |
| Memory and cognition in suspected mild cognitive impairment (strain A1) | Improved | 79 | Grade C · RCT, 2020 | Physically healthy older adults with suspected mild cognitive impairment (Japan) |
| Weight, BMI and fasting glucose in overweight young adults (strain BBr60) | Improved | 75 | Grade D · RCT, 2024 | Overweight or obese young adults on diet guidance |
| IBS symptom severity in diarrhoea-predominant IBS (strain Bif195) | No effect | 52 | Grade D · RCT, 2025 | Adults with moderate to severe diarrhoea-predominant IBS |
| Muscle strength in sarcopenia (heat-killed strain B-3) | No effect | 49 | Grade D · Pilot RCT, 2026 | Adults aged 50–89 with sarcopenia (AWGS 2019 criteria) |
| Depressive symptoms in major depressive disorder (strain CCFM1025) | Improved | 45 | Grade D · RCT, 2022 | Adults diagnosed with major depressive disorder (20 on CCFM1025, 25 on placebo) |
| Sleep quality in stress-related insomnia (strain CCFM1025) | Improved | 40 | Grade D · RCT, 2023 | Adults with stress-induced insomnia (China) |
| Aspirin-induced stomach and duodenal damage (strain Bif195) | Improved | 25 | Grade D · Crossover RCT, 2024 | Healthy young adults taking 300 mg/day aspirin |
Every graded row
13 rowsShowing 13 of 13 outcomes. Human trials only.
CGrade CCognition in older adults with memory complaints (strain A1)MemoryNo effectRCT
n 117 · 2019
No effect Scores rose in both groups with no difference from placebo overall; in people with low baseline scores, immediate memory and MMSE improved more on A1. No adverse effects.
- Design
- RCT, n = 117, 2019
- Population
- Older adults with memory complaints (Japan)
- Form
- B. breve A1 capsules
- Dose
- Daily capsules (CFU not stated in the abstract)
- Duration
- 12 weeks
- Source
- Reference 1 · PubMed 31090457 (opens PubMed)
CGrade CCognition and brain atrophy in suspected mild cognitive impairment (strain A1)MemoryMixedRCT
n 115 · 2022
Mixed The ADAS-Jcog "orientation" subscale improved versus placebo at 24 weeks; two MMSE subscales improved only in people with a baseline MMSE below 25. Brain atrophy scores (VSRAD) worsened on placebo, and the probiotic tended to slow this, mainly in people with more atrophy at the start.
- Design
- RCT, n = 115, 2022
- Population
- Adults aged 65–88 with suspected mild cognitive impairment
- Form
- B. breve MCC1274 (A1)
- Dose
- 2 × 10¹⁰ CFU once daily
- Duration
- 24 weeks
- Source
- Reference 11 · PubMed 35570493 (opens PubMed)
CGrade CBody fat, weight and waist (strain B-3)Body weightImprovedRCT
n 83 · 2022
Improved Body fat (by DXA), waist and hip circumference were lower than with placebo at 12 weeks; no severe adverse reactions.
- Design
- RCT, n = 83, 2022
- Population
- Healthy adults (Korea)
- Form
- B. breve B-3 capsules
- Dose
- 5 billion CFU/day
- Duration
- 12 weeks
- Source
- Reference 3 · PubMed 36615686 (opens PubMed)
CGrade CMemory and cognition in suspected mild cognitive impairment (strain A1)MemoryImprovedRCT
n 79 · 2020
Improved RBANS total score improved versus placebo (mean difference 11.3 points), driven by immediate memory, visuospatial and delayed memory; no adverse events.
- Design
- RCT, n = 79, 2020
- Population
- Physically healthy older adults with suspected mild cognitive impairment (Japan)
- Form
- B. breve A1 (MCC1274)
- Dose
- 2 × 10¹⁰ CFU/day
- Duration
- 16 weeks
- Source
- Reference 2 · PubMed 32623402 (opens PubMed)
DGrade DGut and infection outcomes in preterm infants (strain M-16V)Preterm infantsMixedSystematic review
n 482 · 2018
Mixed Pooled RCTs showed no significant benefit on necrotizing enterocolitis, late-onset sepsis, mortality or time to full feeds; non-randomized studies suggested benefits. Overall evidence quality was very low.
- Design
- Systematic review, n = 482, 2018
- Population
- Preterm infants (5 RCTs plus 4 non-randomized studies)
- Form
- B. breve M-16V
- Dose
- As given in the included studies
- Duration
- Neonatal period
- Source
- Reference 8 · PubMed 28796951 (opens PubMed)
DGrade DAntibiotic-associated diarrhoea in children (strain PRL2020)Antibiotic diarrhoeaImprovedOpen-label trial
n 121 · 2026
Improved The incidence of diarrhoea was about 70% lower than in children on antibiotics alone (p < 0.01). In children who did get diarrhoea, it started about 15 hours later and lasted 19 hours less. The probiotic was well tolerated.
- Design
- Open-label trial, n = 121, 2026
- Population
- Children aged 3–12 taking amoxicillin or amoxicillin-clavulanate
- Form
- B. breve PRL2020 (an amoxicillin-resistant strain)
- Dose
- Two doses a day of 20 billion live cells, the first at least 2 hours after the last daily antibiotic dose
- Duration
- The 7- or 10-day antibiotic course
- Source
- Reference 14 · PubMed 42234385 (opens PubMed)
DGrade DWeight, BMI and fasting glucose in overweight young adults (strain BBr60)Body weightImprovedRCT
n 75 · 2024
Improved Weight and BMI fell more than with placebo, and fasting glucose was lower than in the placebo group.
- Design
- RCT, n = 75, 2024
- Population
- Overweight or obese young adults on diet guidance
- Form
- B. breve BBr60
- Dose
- 1 × 10¹⁰ CFU/day
- Duration
- 12 weeks
- Source
- Reference 4 · PubMed 39456659 (opens PubMed)
DGrade DIBS symptom severity in diarrhoea-predominant IBS (strain Bif195)IBSNo effectRCT
n 52 · 2025
No effect No effect on the IBS symptom severity score (primary outcome) or on secondary outcomes. Fatigue, an exploratory outcome, fell more than with placebo during treatment.
- Design
- RCT, n = 52, 2025
- Population
- Adults with moderate to severe diarrhoea-predominant IBS
- Form
- B. breve Bif195 (DSM 33360)
- Dose
- At least 15 × 10⁹ CFU/day
- Duration
- 8 weeks, then 8 weeks of follow-up
- Source
- Reference 13 · PubMed 41648756 (opens PubMed)
DGrade DMuscle strength in sarcopenia (heat-killed strain B-3)MuscleNo effectPilot RCT
n 49 · 2026
No effect Knee extension strength, the primary outcome, did not improve versus placebo. Unadjusted exploratory analyses favoured B-3 on bioimpedance muscle mass, mainly because muscle declined on placebo, and were not confirmed by DXA or physical-function tests. No serious adverse events.
- Design
- Pilot RCT, n = 49, 2026
- Population
- Adults aged 50–89 with sarcopenia (AWGS 2019 criteria)
- Form
- Heat-killed B. breve B-3 (postbiotic)
- Dose
- 2 × 10¹⁰ cells/day
- Duration
- 24 weeks
- Source
- Reference 12 · PubMed 42797058 (opens PubMed)
DGrade DDepressive symptoms in major depressive disorder (strain CCFM1025)MoodImprovedRCT
n 45 · 2022
Improved HDRS-24 depression scores fell more than with placebo (mean 10.40 vs 6.44 points; d = 0.64), as did MADRS scores (9.60 vs 4.92 points).
- Design
- RCT, n = 45, 2022
- Population
- Adults diagnosed with major depressive disorder (20 on CCFM1025, 25 on placebo)
- Form
- Freeze-dried B. breve CCFM1025
- Dose
- 10¹⁰ CFU/day
- Duration
- 4 weeks
- Source
- Reference 15 · PubMed 34875345 (opens PubMed)
DGrade DSleep quality in stress-related insomnia (strain CCFM1025)SleepImprovedRCT
n 40 · 2023
Improved Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index scores fell from 11.6 to 7.75 on CCFM1025, a larger drop than with placebo, along with lower stress markers.
- Design
- RCT, n = 40, 2023
- Population
- Adults with stress-induced insomnia (China)
- Form
- B. breve CCFM1025
- Dose
- 5 × 10⁹ CFU/day
- Duration
- 4 weeks
- Source
- Reference 7 · PubMed 37960353 (opens PubMed)
DGrade DAspirin-induced stomach and duodenal damage (strain Bif195)Stomach liningImprovedCrossover RCT
n 25 · 2024
Improved Gastric damage (Lanza score) was lower than with placebo (odds ratio 7.2); duodenal scores did not change. No related adverse events.
- Design
- Crossover RCT, n = 25, 2024
- Population
- Healthy young adults taking 300 mg/day aspirin
- Form
- B. breve Bif195 (DSM 33360)
- Dose
- ≥10¹¹ CFU/day
- Duration
- 4 weeks per period
- Source
- Reference 5 · PubMed 38036761 (opens PubMed)
∅No effectExercise-induced gut permeability and symptoms (strain Bif195)Gut barrierNo effectRCT
n 126 · 2022
No effect No difference from placebo in gut permeability (lactulose/rhamnose ratio), I-FABP or GI symptom scores; adverse events, cytokines and liver and kidney markers also did not differ.
- Design
- RCT, n = 126, 2022
- Population
- Well-trained healthy adults doing a 1-hour treadmill challenge
- Form
- B. breve Bif195
- Dose
- Daily (CFU not stated in the abstract)
- Duration
- 6 weeks
- Source
- Reference 6 · PubMed 35866597 (opens PubMed)
What the numbers add up to
Each point is worked out from the data and the sources numbered on this page, with the arithmetic shown under it. It adds no new data and is not medical advice.
Memory results split by population
Bif195 protects the stomach, not permeability
Studied doses
Doses used in research, shown against the official limits. They describe the studies, not a recommendation for you.
Studied doses in research, not advice. These are amounts used in research, not personal advice. Your clinician or pharmacist can say what fits you.
Doses studied in human trials
Interactions and safety
Published interactions only: each row cites a source. No row means none was found in our sources, not that a combination is safe.
What Bifidobacterium breve meets
1 cited row 1 tested togetherMedicines 1
Supplements and foods 1
- Drug label or FDA notice
- Tested together in a graded trial
Choose a medicine or supplement above to read its cited rows here.
Also cited: 1 tested together
Antibiotics
Drug labelDrug label or FDA notice
Antibiotics, for example amoxicillin, amoxicillin-clavulanate and other oral antibiotics: Health Canada's probiotic monograph requires labels for bacterial probiotics, including B. breve, to direct use at least 2–3 hours before or after antibiotics. The PRL2020 trial gave its amoxicillin-resistant strain at least 2 hours after the last daily antibiotic dose.
Source 9, Health Canada, Natural and Non-prescription Health Products Directorate (2026); Source 14, Int Microbiol (2026)
Bifidobacterium longumBifidobacterium longum page
Tested together
Visceral fat in normal-weight and overweight adults. Graded on the Bifidobacterium longum page; tested together is not a claim that they work better together.
Interactions
1 agent| Agent | What the source says | Evidence |
|---|---|---|
| Medicines1 | ||
| Antibioticse.g. amoxicillin, amoxicillin-clavulanate and other oral antibiotics | Health Canada's probiotic monograph requires labels for bacterial probiotics, including B. breve, to direct use at least 2–3 hours before or after antibiotics. The PRL2020 trial gave its amoxicillin-resistant strain at least 2 hours after the last daily antibiotic dose.914 | Drug label |
Check with what you take
Kept on this device onlyAdd what you take. We list every interaction our evidence profiles cite between Bifidobacterium breve and your picks, and between your picks.
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Add a supplement or medicine you take to check it against Bifidobacterium breve.
Starting from one medicine? The interaction checker rates how serious each pair is, on a curated list of 19 entries for 11 medicines. This cabinet has no severity rating: it lists every interaction row our supplement pages cite.
Who should be careful
4 groups- Immune-compromised conditions
- Health Canada's probiotic monograph: do not use with an immune-compromised condition (for example AIDS, lymphoma or long-term corticosteroid treatment).9
- Premature infants and seriously ill people
- NCCIH reports severe or fatal infections in premature infants given probiotics and a higher risk of harm with severe illness; M-16V use in preterm infants belongs in hospital care.108
- Fever or severe gut symptoms
- Health Canada: ask a health care practitioner before use with fever, vomiting, bloody diarrhoea or severe abdominal pain, and stop if digestive upset persists beyond 3 days.9
- Pregnancy and breastfeeding
- LactMed has no probiotic entry. In a randomized trial in 160 healthy pregnant women, strain 702258 or placebo was taken from 16 weeks of pregnancy until 3 months after birth, but its abstract reports transfer of the strain to infants, not safety outcomes. The adult trials cited here did not enrol pregnant women.1623
How to read the label
What to check on the Supplement Facts panel.
How to read the label
3 checksCheck the strain code
Label dose vs studied dose
Live vs heat-killed
The sarcopenia trial used heat-killed B-3 cells (a postbiotic), counted as cells rather than live CFU; it did not improve muscle strength.12
Frequently asked questions
Short answers to common questions; the numbers link to the sources below.
Common questions
7 answersDoes B. breve help memory?
Does B. breve help with weight loss?
Can B. breve protect the stomach from aspirin?
In 25 healthy volunteers taking 300 mg aspirin daily, Bif195 reduced stomach-lining damage over 4 weeks. People on long-term aspirin were not studied.5
Does B. breve improve sleep?
Strain CCFM1025 lowered sleep-quality scores (better sleep) in 40 adults with stress-related insomnia over 4 weeks. It has not been repeated.7
Is B. breve safe?
How long does B. breve take to work?
Can B. breve be taken with antibiotics?
Health Canada's probiotic monograph says bacterial probiotics should be taken at least 2–3 hours before or after antibiotics. One antibiotic-resistant strain, PRL2020, cut the incidence of diarrhoea by about 70% in 121 children taking amoxicillin in an open-label trial; other strains were not tested this way.914
Sources
16 sources: trial abstracts, NIH fact sheets and reference databases. Numbers in the text link here.
Sources cited on this page
16 sources- 1Effects of Bifidobacterium breve A1 on the cognitive function of older adults with memory complaints: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.RCT Benef Microbes, 2019 · PMID 31090457
- 2Probiotic Bifidobacterium breve in Improving Cognitive Functions of Older Adults with Suspected Mild Cognitive Impairment: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial.RCT J Alzheimers Dis, 2020 · PMID 32623402
- 3Body Fat Reduction Effect of Bifidobacterium breve B-3: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo Comparative Clinical Trial.RCT Nutrients, 2022 · PMID 36615686
- 4Gut Microbiome and Metabolome Alterations in Overweight or Obese Adult Population after Weight-Loss Bifidobacterium breve BBr60 Intervention: A Randomized Controlled Trial.RCT Int J Mol Sci, 2024 · PMID 39456659
- 5Bifidobacterium breve Bif195 ameliorates aspirin-induced gastric mucosal damage: A randomised, double blind, placebo-controlled crossover trial.Crossover RCT Aliment Pharmacol Ther, 2024 · PMID 38036761
- 6Safety of Bifidobacterium breve, Bif195, employing a human exercise-induced intestinal permeability model: a randomised, double-blinded, placebo-controlled, parallel group trial.RCT Benef Microbes, 2022 · PMID 35866597
- 7Bifidobacterium breve CCFM1025 Improves Sleep Quality via Regulating the Activity of the HPA Axis: A Randomized Clinical Trial.RCT Nutrients, 2023 · PMID 37960353
- 8Bifidobacterium breve M-16V as a Probiotic for Preterm Infants: A Strain-Specific Systematic Review.Systematic review JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr, 2018 · PMID 28796951
- 9Probiotics (Natural Health Product monograph, April 24, 2026)Guideline Health Canada, Natural and Non-prescription Health Products Directorate, 2026 · webprod.hc-sc.gc.ca
- 10Probiotics: Usefulness and SafetyFact sheet National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health (NCCIH), 2019 · nccih.nih.gov
- 11Effect of Probiotic Bifidobacterium breve in Improving Cognitive Function and Preventing Brain Atrophy in Older Patients with Suspected Mild Cognitive Impairment: Results of a 24-Week Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial.RCT J Alzheimers Dis, 2022 · PMID 35570493
- 12Effects of Heat-Killed Bifidobacterium breve B-3, a Postbiotic, on Muscle Mass-Related Parameters in Patients with Sarcopenia: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Pilot Trial.Pilot RCT Nutrients, 2026 · PMID 42797058
- 13Eight weeks of treatment with probiotic Bifidobacterium breve, Bif195 lowers fatigue scores in patients with diarrhoea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome: results from a randomised, clinical trial.RCT Front Nutr, 2025 · PMID 41648756
- 14Bifidobacterium breve PRL2020 mitigates antibiotic-induced gut symptoms and dysbiosis in children treated with amoxicillin or amoxicillin-clavulanate.Open-label trial Int Microbiol, 2026 · PMID 42234385
- 15Bifidobacterium breve CCFM1025 attenuates major depression disorder via regulating gut microbiome and tryptophan metabolism: A randomized clinical trial.RCT Brain Behav Immun, 2022 · PMID 34875345
- 16Ability of Bifidobacterium breve 702258 to transfer from mother to infant: the MicrobeMom randomized controlled trial.RCT Am J Obstet Gynecol MFM, 2023 · PMID 37142190
What changed
Every dated change to this page: what changed, who made it and why.
Change log
3 entries| Date | Change | Who and why |
|---|---|---|
| evidence, key facts, studied doses, interactions, who should avoid, forms, FAQ, questions, related | Added five strain-named trials: A1 for 24 weeks in 115 older adults with suspected MCI (2022, subscale gains only, grade C), heat-killed B-3 for sarcopenia (2026 pilot, no strength gain, grade D), Bif195 in diarrhoea-predominant IBS (2025, primary outcome missed, grade D; n and dose from full text), PRL2020 with amoxicillin in 121 children (2026, open-label, grade D) and CCFM1025 in major depression (2022, grade D). Added the Health Canada antibiotic-spacing direction as an interaction and a pregnancy note citing the MicrobeMom trial (LactMed and LiverTox have no probiotic entry). Replaced the "What is B. breve?" FAQ with antibiotics, added a time-to-effect FAQ, page questions and links. Not added: a 2026 BBr60 report that appears to be the same 75-person trial already cited, a 33-person Bif195 Crohn's trial (no effect), small 207-1, BB05 and M-16V mood trials, and a 2026 corrigendum to the A1 2020 trial (PMID 41401019) whose text could not be opened; that row's numbers still match the PubMed abstract. | Writer: Kymata Health EditorialTrigger: A–Z audit against docs/supplements/AUDIT-STANDARD.md |
| all | First draft. Every PMID checked against NCBI E-utilities esummary (title, journal and year taken from the record) and abstracts read for each cited row. | Writer: Kymata Health EditorialTrigger: new page |
| all | Adversarial review pass: every number in each evidence row's result, dose, duration, n and population fields was machine-checked against its PubMed abstract, and figures not in an abstract were confirmed in the PMC full text (noted per row). Unverified study-country, funding and mechanism wording was removed or sourced, rows whose sample size could not be confirmed were dropped, and retraction, erratum and expression-of-concern flags were checked on every PMID (two errata, noted on their rows; no retractions). Page set indexable. | Writer: Kymata Health EditorialTrigger: review |
Supplement & Nutrient Encyclopedia. Educational information only; it is not medical advice and does not replace a clinician. Dietary supplements are not intended to diagnose, treat, cure or prevent any disease. Statements about supplements have not been evaluated by the FDA.