Lithium Orotate
Summary
Lithium orotate is an over-the-counter lithium salt with no randomised human trials. Evidence comes from low-dose prescription lithium carbonate trials in memory decline (mixed), drinking-water studies (association only) and mouse work. Lithium can affect kidneys and thyroid and interacts with common drugs; kidney disease, pregnancy, breastfeeding and prescription lithium rule it out.
Key facts
- Lithium has a narrow margin: toxicity starts around 1.5 mEq/L in blood, close to the 0.8–1.2 mEq/L used in bipolar care. Kidney disease, pregnancy, breastfeeding and prescription lithium rule out supplements.[22]
- None randomised. PubMed holds an uncontrolled 1986 report, a 9-person brain-imaging study and case reports. The first randomised trial (LiO-AD, 40 people with Alzheimer's) was listed as not yet recruiting in October 2026.[8][10][20][30]
- Lithium orotate is about 3.9–4.3% lithium by weight: 120 mg lithium orotate ≈ 4.6–5.1 mg lithium. One 300 mg prescription lithium carbonate capsule holds about 56 mg.[27][28][29]
- Low-dose prescription lithium carbonate trials in memory decline (mixed results) and drinking-water studies linking trace lithium with lower suicide and dementia rates (association only).[5][6][11][12][13][14]
- Lithium deficiency sped up Alzheimer's-like changes in mice; lithium orotate at 30 µg lithium per litre of drinking water blocked them, while carbonate at the same lithium dose did not. Untested in people.[15]
- Prescription lithium needs kidney, thyroid, calcium and blood-level checks. No monitoring standard exists for supplement doses.[22][23]
- 9 graded human outcomes on this page
- October 13, 2026
How it works
ProposedLithium inhibits the enzyme GSK3β, which adds phosphate groups to tau and influences amyloid processing. A 2025 Nature study found lower lithium in post-mortem cortex of people with mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease, and in mice a lithium-poor diet increased amyloid, phospho-tau, inflammation and memory loss, partly through GSK3β; lithium orotate, which binds amyloid less than carbonate in that work, blocked these changes in mouse models (animal data). Critics note no study has shown lithium orotate stays intact in body fluids, and chemistry predicts it dissociates to ordinary lithium ions in the stomach.[15][16][19]
What the human research says
Human trials only, one row per outcome. The form column shows what each trial actually tested. Grades follow our evidence-grading policy.
At a glance: strongest evidence per outcome
| Outcome | Grade | Effect | Strongest evidence | Rows |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Memory and cognitive decline | Grade C | Mixed | Meta-analysis of 6 trials · n = 394 · 2026 | 4 rows |
| Suicide rates (population data) | Grade D | Improved | Meta-analysis of 14 trials · n = 94,000,000 · 2021 | 1 row |
| Dementia (population data) | Grade D | Mixed | Observational · n = 807,384 · 2017 | 1 row |
| Mood and anxiety (self-report) | Grade D | Mixed | Observational · n = 211 · 2025 | 1 row |
| Fatigue and brain fog | Grade D | No effect | RCT · n = 52 · 2024 | 1 row |
| Alcohol use (uncontrolled) | Grade D | Mixed | Open-label · n = 42 · 1986 | 1 row |
Every graded row
| Outcome | Effect | Grade | Best evidence | PMID |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cognition, function and behaviour in Alzheimer's dementia or amnestic MCI | Mixed | Grade C | Meta-analysis · n = 394 · 2026 Randomised controlled trials of lithium versus placebo or standard care in Alzheimer's dementia or amnestic MCI Form: Lithium carbonate (prescription) · Dose: Varied by trial · Duration: Varied by trial No significant MMSE benefit (MD −1.61, 95% CI −4.11 to 0.88); ADAS-Cog MD −1.82 (−3.05 to −0.60), both with high heterogeneity. No consistent benefit for memory, function, behavioural symptoms or CSF biomarkers. No rise in serious adverse events; drug-related adverse events were more frequent. | 41177743 (opens PubMed)Source [5] |
| Suicide rates vs natural lithium in drinking water (population association) | Improved | Grade D | Meta-analysis · n = 94,000,000 · 2021 Populations covered by 14 studies worldwide (about 94 million people) Form: Naturally occurring lithium in drinking water · Dose: Trace amounts (micrograms per litre) · Duration: Long-term residence Higher water lithium was associated with lower suicide rates (r = −0.191, 95% CI −0.287 to −0.090), with high heterogeneity (I² 80.7%) and evidence of publication bias. | 33045847 (opens PubMed)Source [11] |
| Dementia incidence vs natural lithium in drinking water (population association) | Mixed | Grade D | Observational · n = 807,384 · 2017 Danish adults aged 50–90: 73,731 people with dementia and 733,653 age- and sex-matched controls Form: Naturally occurring lithium in drinking water · Dose: Municipal water lithium; median about 11–12 µg/L · Duration: Exposure estimated from 1986 onward The association was non-linear: compared with 2.0–5.0 µg/L, dementia incidence was lower above 15.0 µg/L (IRR 0.83, 95% CI 0.81–0.85) but higher at 5.1–10.0 µg/L (IRR 1.22, 1.19–1.25). | 28832877 (opens PubMed)Source [14] |
| Self-reported effects of over-the-counter lithium | Mixed | Grade D | Observational · n = 211 · 2025 Adults who reported taking over-the-counter lithium supplements (opportunistic online survey) Form: Lithium aspartate, orotate or 'ionic' lithium · Dose: Most commonly lithium aspartate 10 mg once daily; doses varied widely · Duration: Varied Users most often reported better cognition, anxiety and mood, but side effects and withdrawal symptoms were more common than the researchers expected. | 40152059 (opens PubMed)Source [9] |
| Cognitive scores (MMSE) in Alzheimer's disease | Improved | Grade D | RCT · n = 113 · 2013 Adults with Alzheimer's disease at a geriatric clinic in São Paulo, Brazil (58 lithium, 55 placebo randomised) Form: Lithium gluconate or carbonate (microdose) · Dose: 300 µg (0.3 mg) lithium once daily · Duration: 15 months MMSE scores did not fall in the lithium group, while the placebo group's scores declined, with significant differences from month 3 onward. | 22746245 (opens PubMed)Source [3] |
| Memory, brain volume and BDNF in mild cognitive impairment | No effect | Grade D | Pilot RCT · n = 80 · 2026 Adults aged 60+ with mild cognitive impairment (USA); about a quarter were amyloid-positive Form: Lithium carbonate (prescription) · Dose: Low dose titrated to tolerance; completers averaged 195 mg/day carbonate (about 37 mg lithium), mean blood level 0.17 mEq/L · Duration: 2 years None of the 6 co-primary outcomes met the significance threshold. Verbal delayed recall fell 0.73 vs 1.42 points a year (difference 0.69, 95% CI 0.01–1.37, P = .05). Diarrhoea 29% vs 15%; serious adverse events 29% vs 23%, none judged definitely treatment-related. | 41770546 (opens PubMed)Source [4] |
| Cognitive and functional decline in amnestic mild cognitive impairment | Improved | Grade D | RCT · n = 61 · 2019 Community-dwelling, physically healthy older adults with amnestic mild cognitive impairment (Brazil) Form: Lithium carbonate (prescription) · Dose: Titrated to subtherapeutic blood lithium of 0.25–0.5 mEq/L · Duration: 2 years double-blind, then 2 years single-blind The placebo group declined on cognitive and functional scores while the lithium group stayed stable over 2 years; lithium was linked to better memory and attention at 24 months and higher CSF amyloid-β42 at 36 months. | 30947755 (opens PubMed)Source [1] |
| Fatigue and brain fog after COVID-19 | No effect | Grade D | RCT · n = 52 · 2024 Adults with new fatigue or cognitive problems more than 4 weeks after COVID-19 (USA) Form: Lithium aspartate (supplement salt) · Dose: 10–15 mg/day elemental lithium · Duration: 3 weeks No difference from placebo in combined fatigue and brain-fog scores (−3.6; 95% CI −16.6 to 9.5; P = .59) or any secondary outcome. No adverse events were attributed to lithium. | 39356507 (opens PubMed)Source [7] |
| Relapse in alcohol dependence | Mixed | Grade D | Open-label trial · n = 42 · 1986 Alcohol-dependent patients in a private clinic: the 42 who stayed on lithium orotate at least 6 months, of 105 who started Form: Lithium orotate · Dose: 150 mg/day lithium orotate (about 6 mg lithium) · Duration: At least 6 months (follow-up 6 months to 10 years) The author reported 10 patients relapse-free for 3–10 years, 13 for 1–3 years and 12 relapsing within 6–12 months. Eight had muscle weakness, loss of appetite or mild apathy. | 3718672 (opens PubMed)Source [8] |
Forms
| Form | Elemental % | Absorption (human data) | GI tolerance | Studied for |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Lithium orotate (supplement) | 3.85%[27][28][20] | No head-to-head human pharmacokinetic data. Brain lithium was detectable by 7Li-MRI in 9 healthy men after 5 mg/day lithium as orotate for 14–28 days. Mouse studies report different uptake from carbonate, but a 2026 critique argues the salt dissociates to ordinary lithium ions in the stomach.[10][19][16] | No controlled human safety data. A 1979 rat injection study found lower kidney filtration than with carbonate; a 2021 28-day oral rat study found no toxicity up to 400 mg/kg/day. An 18-year-old who swallowed 18 tablets (about 83 mg lithium) had nausea, vomiting and tremor.[17][18][20] | One uncontrolled 1986 alcohol-use report (150 mg/day), a 9-person brain-imaging study, mouse studies, and a planned 40-person Alzheimer's trial |
| Lithium carbonate (prescription only) | 18.78%[29] | Dosed to blood levels: 0.8–1.0 mEq/L for bipolar maintenance (usually 600–1,800 mg/day), with toxicity from about 1.5 mEq/L.[22] | At psychiatric doses: more hypothyroidism (OR 5.78), reduced urine-concentrating ability, higher calcium and parathyroid hormone, and weight gain. A 4-year low-dose trial in older adults found no fall in kidney function but higher TSH, weight, neutrophil counts and adverse events, and more new diabetes and arrhythmia than placebo.[23][26] | Bipolar disorder (prescription); low-dose trials in mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease |
| Lithium aspartate (supplement) | Varies[7] | No head-to-head human data.[7] | No adverse events attributed to lithium at 10–15 mg/day for 3 weeks (n = 52).[7] | Long COVID fatigue and brain fog (no benefit); the most common form in a survey of supplement users |
Compound weight → elemental lithium
500 mg lithium orotate (supplement) ≈ 19 mg elemental lithium
Studied doses
Doses studied in human trials ranged from 0.3 mg/day of lithium (Alzheimer's microdose trial, 15 months) and 10–15 mg/day from lithium aspartate (long COVID trial, 3 weeks) up to low prescription doses of lithium carbonate titrated to blood levels of about 0.2–0.5 mEq/L (completers in a 2-year US trial averaged 195 mg carbonate, about 37 mg lithium). Prescription bipolar doses are far higher: usually 600–1,800 mg carbonate a day (about 113–338 mg lithium).[3][7][1][4][22]
Dose math: how much compound supplies that much lithium
| Form (elemental %) | 0.3 mg lithium0.3 mg/day: Alzheimer's microdose trial | 5 mg lithium5 mg/day: lithium orotate brain-imaging study |
|---|---|---|
| Lithium orotate (supplement) (3.85%) | ≈ 10 mg compound | ≈ 130 mg compound |
| Lithium carbonate (prescription only) (18.78%) | ≈ 0 mg compound | ≈ 30 mg compound |
Interactions
Published interactions only: each row cites a source. No row means none was found in our sources, not that a combination is safe.
Medicines
- NSAID pain relieversDrug labelFDA labeling: NSAIDs reduce kidney blood flow and raise blood lithium. Shown at prescription doses; the size of the effect at supplement doses is unknown.[22]
- ACE inhibitors and ARBsDrug labelFDA labeling: renin-angiotensin system blockers raise steady-state blood lithium.[22]
- Diuretics (thiazide and loop)Drug labelFDA labeling: diuretic-induced sodium loss lowers lithium clearance and raises blood lithium.[22]
- Serotonergic drugsDrug labelFDA labeling: combining with lithium can precipitate serotonin syndrome, particularly when lithium is started.[22]
- Xanthine preparationsDrug labelFDA labeling: xanthine preparations lower blood lithium by increasing urinary excretion, so starting or stopping them can shift lithium levels. The label does not name caffeine. Shown at prescription doses; the size of the effect at supplement doses is unknown.[22]
- Nitroimidazole antibioticsDrug labelFDA labeling: may raise blood lithium by reducing kidney clearance. A Dutch case report shows clinicians treating supplement lithium as a reason to change antibiotics.[22][21]
- AntipsychoticsDrug labelFDA labeling: neurological reactions, from movement problems to neuroleptic malignant syndrome and an encephalopathic syndrome, have been reported with lithium plus an antipsychotic.[22]
- Calcium-channel blockersDrug labelFDA labeling: may increase neurological side effects such as ataxia, tremor, nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea and tinnitus.[22]
- Iodide preparationsDrug labelFDA labeling: combined use may produce hypothyroidism.[22]
- Acetazolamide and alkalinizing agentsDrug labelFDA labeling: these lower blood lithium by increasing urinary excretion.[22]
- Prescription lithiumDrug labelSupplement lithium adds to prescribed lithium and its blood level, which is dosed against a narrow toxicity threshold.[22]
Who should be careful
- Kidney disease or reduced kidney function
- Lithium is cleared by the kidneys. FDA labeling says to avoid it below a creatinine clearance of 30 mL/min and to start lower with close monitoring at 30–89 mL/min. A 1979 rat study found lithium orotate cut kidney filtration more than carbonate.[22][17]
- Pregnancy and breastfeeding
- First-trimester lithium is linked to more cardiac malformations, including Ebstein's anomaly (cardiac malformations overall: adjusted risk ratio 1.65, rising with dose) and more major malformations overall (adjusted OR 1.71). FDA labeling: lithium reaches breast milk at 40–45% of maternal blood levels, breastfed infants can reach 30–40% of maternal levels, and toxicity signs have been reported in some breastfed infants.[24][25][22]
- Anyone on prescription lithium
- Supplement lithium adds to the prescribed dose and blood level.[22][21]
- Bipolar disorder, depression or suicidal thoughts
- These need clinician-managed care. Prescription lithium is dosed to blood levels with kidney and thyroid monitoring; no trial supports lithium supplements for any mood disorder.[22][9]
- Thyroid disease
- Lithium raises the odds of hypothyroidism (OR 5.78 versus placebo at psychiatric doses), and TSH rose in a low-dose trial in older adults.[23][26]
- Heart disease, dehydration, low-salt diets or heavy sweating
- FDA labeling lists significant cardiovascular disease, dehydration and sodium changes as raising the risk of lithium toxicity.[22]
- People on NSAIDs, blood-pressure tablets or water pills
- These raise blood lithium; see the interactions table.[22]
Talk to your pharmacist or clinician before starting a supplement, especially if you take prescription medicines.
Lithium toxicity and monitoring
Lithium is a drug with a narrow safety margin, whatever the salt.
- Warning signs
- FDA labeling: mild signs are fine tremor, light-headedness, poor coordination and weakness; moderate signs include drowsiness, muscle twitching, unsteadiness, blurred vision, ringing ears and slurred speech; severe toxicity brings confusion, seizures and coma. Nausea, vomiting and diarrhoea also occur, and symptoms can be delayed by up to a day. Some people show toxic signs at blood levels in the usual range. These need urgent medical care.[22]
- What raises the risk
- Fever, dehydration, diarrhoea, heavy sweating, sodium changes, reduced kidney function, interacting drugs and acute overdose.[22]
- An orotate overdose case
- An 18-year-old who swallowed 18 tablets of 120 mg lithium orotate (about 83 mg lithium) had nausea, vomiting and mild tremor, with blood lithium of 0.31–0.40 mEq/L, and recovered with fluids.[20]
- Kidneys and thyroid at prescription doses
- A meta-analysis of 385 studies found reduced urine-concentrating ability (−15% of normal maximum), more hypothyroidism (OR 5.78), higher calcium and parathyroid hormone, and a small absolute risk of kidney failure (0.5% needed dialysis).[23]
- Low-dose data
- In older adults, low-dose prescription lithium did not lower kidney function over 4 years but raised TSH, weight and adverse events, with more new diabetes and arrhythmia than placebo. A 2-year US pilot saw diarrhoea in 29% on lithium versus 15% on placebo.[26][4]
- Orotate-specific questions
- A 1979 rat injection study found lower kidney function with lithium orotate than carbonate. Investigators of a 2024 trial avoided orotate citing animal cancer data on orotate; a 2021 rat study found no genotoxicity and no toxicity over 28 days.[17][7][18]
- Stopping
- In a survey of supplement users, side effects and withdrawal symptoms were more common than the researchers expected.[9]
How to read the label
- Find the elemental amountLabels reading 'lithium (as lithium orotate) 5 mg' state lithium itself. If only the orotate weight is listed, lithium is about 4% of it: 120 mg ≈ 4.6–5.1 mg lithium, and 5 mg lithium needs roughly 117–130 mg lithium orotate.[27][28][20]
- Compare with prescription dosesOne 300 mg lithium carbonate capsule supplies about 56 mg lithium (about 8 mEq). Bipolar maintenance is usually 600–1,800 mg carbonate a day (about 113–338 mg lithium).[22][29]
- Compare with study dosesAlzheimer's microdose trial: 0.3 mg lithium a day. Long COVID trial: 10–15 mg a day (no benefit). Drinking-water studies: hundredths of a milligram a day.[3][7][14]
Cost per studied dose, without the sales pitch
Compare any product you already have by the amount it delivers, not by capsule count or front-of-pack weight.
Cost per studied dose
Enter the price, servings and the amount per serving from your label.
Frequently asked questions
Is there good human evidence for lithium orotate?
No. There are no randomised trials of lithium orotate in people. The case rests on low-dose prescription lithium carbonate trials, drinking-water population studies and a 2025 mouse study. A first randomised trial in Alzheimer's disease (LiO-AD, 40 people) was registered but not yet recruiting in October 2026.[8][10][30][15]
How much lithium is in lithium orotate?
About 3.9–4.3% by weight, depending on whether the weight includes water of hydration. So 120 mg lithium orotate ≈ 4.6–5.1 mg lithium, and a '5 mg lithium' product contains roughly 117–130 mg lithium orotate. A 300 mg prescription carbonate capsule has about 56 mg.[27][28][22][20]
Can lithium orotate replace prescription lithium for bipolar disorder or depression?
No. Bipolar disorder and depression need clinician-managed care. Prescription lithium is dosed to blood levels with kidney and thyroid monitoring, and no trial supports supplement lithium for any mood disorder.[22][9]
What did the 2025 Nature study show?
Brain lithium was lower in post-mortem tissue from people with mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease. In mice, a lithium-poor diet sped up amyloid, tau and memory changes, and trace-dose lithium orotate in drinking water blocked them while carbonate did not. It is a mouse result, and critics argue orotate splits into ordinary lithium ions in the stomach.[15][16]
Does lithium in tap water lower suicide or dementia rates?
Areas with more natural lithium in water tend to have lower suicide rates in meta-analyses of ecological studies, and a Danish study found less dementia above 15 µg/L but more at 5–10 µg/L. These associations cannot rule out other regional differences, and the amounts are hundredths of a milligram a day.[12][11][14]
Is low-dose lithium safe?
Low-dose prescription trials in older adults found no kidney decline over 4 years but more TSH rises, weight gain, diarrhoea, new diabetes, arrhythmia and adverse events than placebo. Supplement doses are lower again but have no long-term safety trials. Kidney disease, pregnancy, breastfeeding and prescription lithium rule it out.[26][4][22]
Which medicines interact with lithium?
NSAIDs such as ibuprofen, ACE inhibitors, ARBs, thiazide or loop diuretics and metronidazole raise lithium levels; SSRIs and other serotonergic drugs add serotonin-syndrome risk; xanthine drugs such as theophylline, acetazolamide and alkalinizers lower levels. These were shown at prescription doses; the size of the effect at supplement doses is unknown.[22]
What are signs of too much lithium?
Tremor, nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea, unsteadiness, drowsiness, slurred speech, blurred vision or ringing ears; severe cases bring confusion, seizures and coma. Symptoms can be delayed by up to a day. These need urgent medical care.[22]
Sources
- [1]Clinical and biological effects of long-term lithium treatment in older adults with amnestic mild cognitive impairment: randomised clinical trial.. Br J Psychiatry, 2019. RCT
- [2]Disease-modifying properties of long-term lithium treatment for amnestic mild cognitive impairment: randomised controlled trial.. Br J Psychiatry, 2011. RCT
- [3]Microdose lithium treatment stabilized cognitive impairment in patients with Alzheimer's disease.. Curr Alzheimer Res, 2013. RCT
- [4]Low-Dose Lithium for Mild Cognitive Impairment: A Pilot Randomized Clinical Trial.. JAMA Neurol, 2026. pilot-RCT
- [5]Efficacy and Safety of Lithium for Behavioral and Cognitive Symptoms in Alzheimer's Disease Dementia: A Systematic Review With Frequentist and Bayesian Meta-Analysis.. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry, 2026. meta-analysis
- [6]Lithium as a Treatment for Alzheimer's Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.. J Alzheimers Dis, 2015. meta-analysis
- [7]Lithium Aspartate for Long COVID Fatigue and Cognitive Dysfunction: A Randomized Clinical Trial.. JAMA Netw Open, 2024. RCT
- [8]Lithium orotate in the treatment of alcoholism and related conditions.. Alcohol, 1986. open-label
- [9]A Survey Exploring People's Experiences With Lithium Bought as a Supplement.. Can J Psychiatry, 2025. observational
- [10]Human brain (7)Li-MRI following low-dose lithium dietary supplementation in healthy participants.. J Affect Disord, 2024. PK-study
- [11]The association between lithium in drinking water and neuropsychiatric outcomes: A systematic review and meta-analysis from across 2678 regions containing 113 million people.. Aust N Z J Psychiatry, 2021. meta-analysis
- [12]Association between naturally occurring lithium in drinking water and suicide rates: systematic review and meta-analysis of ecological studies.. Br J Psychiatry, 2020. meta-analysis
- [13]Relationship between suicide mortality and lithium in drinking water: A systematic review and meta-analysis.. J Affect Disord, 2020. meta-analysis
- [14]Association of Lithium in Drinking Water With the Incidence of Dementia.. JAMA Psychiatry, 2017. observational
- [15]Lithium deficiency and the onset of Alzheimer's disease.. Nature, 2025. animal-study
- [16]Lithium orotate: distinct compound or simply Li(+) after administration?. Br J Psychiatry, 2026. review
- [17]Kidney function and lithium concentrations of rats given an injection of lithium orotate or lithium carbonate.. J Pharm Pharmacol, 1979. animal-study
- [18]A toxicological evaluation of lithium orotate.. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol, 2021. animal-study
- [19]Different pharmacokinetics of lithium orotate inform why it is more potent, effective, and less toxic than lithium carbonate in a mouse model of mania.. J Psychiatr Res, 2023. animal-study
- [20]Lithium toxicity from an Internet dietary supplement.. J Med Toxicol, 2007. observational
- [21][Confusion caused by dietary supplement lithium orotate].. Tijdschr Psychiatr, 2017. observational
- [22]Lithium carbonate (Hikma Pharmaceuticals USA): prescribing information. U.S. National Library of Medicine, DailyMed, 2026. label
- [23]Lithium toxicity profile: a systematic review and meta-analysis.. Lancet, 2012. meta-analysis
- [24]Lithium Use in Pregnancy and the Risk of Cardiac Malformations.. N Engl J Med, 2017. observational
- [25]Maternal and infant outcomes associated with lithium use in pregnancy: an international collaborative meta-analysis of six cohort studies.. Lancet Psychiatry, 2018. meta-analysis
- [26]Long-term, low-dose lithium treatment does not impair renal function in the elderly: a 2-year randomized, placebo-controlled trial followed by single-blind extension.. J Clin Psychiatry, 2014. RCT
- [27]Lithium orotate (C5H3LiN2O4, MW 162.1), CID 23686432. PubChem, U.S. National Library of Medicine, 2026. database
- [28]Lithium orotate monohydrate (C5H5LiN2O5, MW 180.1), CID 46942246. PubChem, U.S. National Library of Medicine, 2026. database
- [29]Lithium carbonate (Li2CO3, MW 73.9), CID 11125. PubChem, U.S. National Library of Medicine, 2026. database
- [30]LiO-AD: Lithium Orotate in Alzheimers Disease Feasibility, Biomarker Engagement, and Clinical Response (NCT07459959). ClinicalTrials.gov, 2026. database
What changed
- Editorial evidence re-review: every PMID re-checked against NCBI and each row's numbers re-read against the abstract or full text. Kept lithium off the stress and energy hubs by filing all evidence rows under healthy aging; added the microdose trial's patent disclosure, missing-data exclusions and lack of blood levels; added the low-dose trial's higher diabetes and arrhythmia rates; corrected the xanthine interaction to the label's wording (the label does not name caffeine); recomputed the 8 mEq carbonate figure from PubChem rather than attributing it to the label; aligned toxicity signs and breastfeeding data with the current DailyMed label; confirmed LiO-AD (NCT07459959) is still not yet recruiting.
- Initial editorial evidence review: source titles and years taken from NCBI E-utilities esummary; abstracts read for every evidence row; interactions and toxicity signs taken from the current FDA lithium carbonate label on DailyMed; elemental lithium computed from PubChem molecular weights.