Choline (bitartrate vs alpha-GPC vs phosphatidylcholine) and prenatal alcohol exposure
What 2 graded rows on choline (bitartrate vs alpha-gpc vs phosphatidylcholine) agree on for prenatal alcohol exposure, and where they differ. Counted side by side, never averaged.
Consensus finder Rows from the Choline (bitartrate vs alpha-GPC vs phosphatidylcholine) page, reviewed Oct 21, 2026 How it decides
What the rows agree on
Each block and row is one graded row from the Choline (bitartrate vs alpha-GPC vs phosphatidylcholine) page, with its PubMed record.
Your question
Choline (bitartrate vs alpha-GPC vs phosphatidylcholine) and prenatal alcohol exposure
2 rows · 198 peopleThey agree: both rows found an improvement.
- CGrade C× 2
- Rows
- 2
- Trials
- 3
- People
- 198
- Pooled reviews may count some twice
What the rows share
From the rowsThe best-graded row, grade C, is a randomized trial of 104 people (2025) and found an improvement.
The rows run from 94 to 104 people, published in 2025: 1 pooled review and 1 single study.
The rows
2 improved- CGrade CMemory in preschool children with fetal alcohol spectrum disorder · Improved
RCT, 3 studies · n 104 · 2025 · Children aged 2.5–5.9 years with fetal alcohol spectrum disorder from prenatal alcohol exposure (3 placebo-controlled trials, pooled)
500 mg/day or 19 mg/kg/day choline · 9 months
Choline gave a trend-level memory advantage (25% better on a short-delay sequential memory task, with a steeper rise between 6 and 9 months) but no effect on executive function or IQ. Fishy body odor affected 36% on choline vs 8% on placebo.
Row on the Choline (bitartrate vs alpha-GPC vs phosphatidylcholine) page · PubMed 39956364 (opens PubMed)
- CGrade CMemory in children with prenatal alcohol exposure, after choline given to their mothers in pregnancy · Improved
Meta-analysis, 2 studies · n 94 · 2025 · Children with prenatal alcohol exposure, born to mothers who drank heavily in pregnancy (2 prenatal trials in a 5-trial review); not a general memory population
Not stated in the abstract · During pregnancy (prenatal trials)
Prenatal supplementation likely benefited memory (SMD 0.61; moderate certainty). Two postnatal trials (62 children) suggested better global cognition (SMD 0.78; low certainty).
Row on the Choline (bitartrate vs alpha-GPC vs phosphatidylcholine) page · PubMed 40251090 (opens PubMed)