Oral ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate)
Also called ATP supplement, adenosine 5'-triphosphate, adenosine triphosphate, ATP disodium, PeakATP.
Best grade C across 10 graded outcomes Other Last checked
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The short answer
From 11 sourcesSwallowed ATP does not raise ATP in the blood: two Dutch trials found only higher uric acid. Even so, small trials of 400 mg a day, several funded by the maker of PeakATP, reported strength and power gains, and a 2024 meta-analysis of five trials in 121 men found greater maximal strength. Other trials found no benefit.
Quick pick
From a partner brand · paid link
Solaray Peak ATP, 400 mg, 30 Veg Caps
from HerbsPro
Label: 1 capsule: 400 mg PeakATP (adenosine 5'-triphosphate disodium), 30 mg sodium.
Best for trying one bottle: $28.89 one-time (checked Oct 15, 2026).
Every graded outcome on this page
10 rows · line = participants- CGrade CMaximal strength, repetitions and anaerobic powerStrengthn 121
- CGrade CPower in repeated sprintsPowern 42
- DGrade DStrength, power and muscle thickness in trained menStrengthn 21
- DGrade DSquat repetitions at 100, 200 or 400 mgStrengthn 20
- DGrade DReaction time and cognition after sprint exerciseReaction timen 20
- DGrade DSquat volume after one doseStrengthn 11
- ∅No effectBlood ATP after 4 weeks of daily dosingAbsorptionn 32
- ∅No effectThree-minute all-out cycling testEndurancen 20
- ∅No effectIsokinetic knee strength after one doseStrengthn 18
- ∅No effectBlood ATP after a single large doseAbsorptionn 8
Key facts
- Absorption
- Blood ATP did not rise after 5,000 mg once or up to 5,000 mg a day for 28 days; uric acid rose23
- Meta-analysis (2024)
- Five RCTs, 121 trained men: maximal strength +8.13 kg vs placebo; no change in repetitions or anaerobic power10
- Safety marker
- Up to 5,000 mg a day for 28 days left liver and kidney markers normal3
What it is
Oral ATP supplements contain adenosine 5'-triphosphate, the cell's energy-carrying molecule, usually as a disodium salt.
Forms
Form
| Form | Elemental % | Absorption (human data) | GI tolerance | Studied for |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| ATP disodium capsules (e.g., PeakATP) | Varies7Not applicable (dose given as mg of ATP) | Blood ATP did not rise after single 5,000 mg doses or daily dosing for 28 days, even with enteric-coated pellets; only uric acid increased.23 | Daily doses up to 5,000 mg for 28 days did not change liver or kidney markers.3 | Strength, power and fatigue in trained men |
What the human research says
Human trials only, one row per outcome. The form line shows what each trial actually tested. Grades follow our evidence-grading policy.
Trial map
10 graded outcomes, largest study first10 graded outcomes: 3 improved, 3 mixed, 4 no effect. The largest, a 2024 meta-analysis of 121 people on maximal strength, repetitions and anaerobic power, found mixed results.
1Maximal strength, repetitions and anaerobic power
Mixed · Grade C · Meta-analysis, 121 people, 2024
121 resistance-trained men in five RCTs
Dose, result and source| Outcome | Found | People | Study | Who was studied |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Maximal strength, repetitions and anaerobic power | Mixed | 121 | Grade C · Meta-analysis, 2024 | 121 resistance-trained men in five RCTs |
| Power in repeated sprints | Improved | 42 | Grade C · RCT, 2017 | 42 healthy men |
| Blood ATP after 4 weeks of daily dosing | No effect | 32 | No-effect grade · RCT, 2011 | Thirty-two healthy subjects |
| Strength, power and muscle thickness in trained men | Improved | 21 | Grade D · RCT, 2013 | 21 resistance-trained men completed (11 ATP, 10 placebo; full text) |
| Reaction time and cognition after sprint exercise | Mixed | 20 | Grade D · Crossover RCT, 2023 | Twenty adults |
| Squat repetitions at 100, 200 or 400 mg | Mixed | 20 | Grade D · Crossover RCT, 2021 | Twenty recreationally trained men |
| Three-minute all-out cycling test | No effect | 20 | No-effect grade · Crossover RCT, 2023 | Twenty adults |
| Isokinetic knee strength after one dose | No effect | 18 | No-effect grade · Crossover RCT, 2024 | 18 trained men |
| Squat volume after one dose | Improved | 11 | Grade D · Crossover RCT, 2019 | Eleven recreationally trained men |
| Blood ATP after a single large dose | No effect | 8 | No-effect grade · Crossover RCT, 2012 | Eight healthy volunteers |
Every graded row
10 rowsShowing 10 of 10 outcomes. Human trials only.
CGrade CMaximal strength, repetitions and anaerobic powerStrength+8 kg maximal strengthMeta-analysis · 5 studies
n 121 · 2024
Mixed Maximal strength gains were greater than placebo (MD = 8.13 kg, 95%CI 3.36-12.90); maximum repetitions and anaerobic power did not differ.
- Design
- Meta-analysis, 5 studies, n = 121, 2024
- Population
- 121 resistance-trained men in five RCTs
- Form
- Oral ATP
- Dose
- Mostly 400 mg, acute or daily
- Duration
- Acute (30 min to 24 h before tests) or daily (more than 1 day)
- Source
- Reference 10 · PubMed 38535745 (opens PubMed)
CGrade CPower in repeated sprintsPowerLess late-sprint fatigueRCT
n 42 · 2017
Improved ATP prevented the post-exercise drop in ATP, ADP and AMP (p < 0.05); muscle excitability fell 30.5%, 28.3% and 27.9% in late sprints on placebo but not on ATP; Wingate peak power rose 18.3% and 16.3% in bouts 8 and 10 vs baseline.
- Design
- RCT, n = 42, 2017
- Population
- 42 healthy men
- Form
- ATP disodium salt
- Dose
- 400 mg a day
- Duration
- 2 weeks
- Source
- Reference 5 · PubMed 28080323 (opens PubMed)
DGrade DStrength, power and muscle thickness in trained menStrengthLarge strength gainRCT
n 21 · 2013
Improved Total body strength rose 55.3 kg with ATP vs 22.4 kg with placebo (p<0.001); vertical jump power 796 vs 614 watts; muscle thickness 4.9 vs 2.5 mm (p<0.02).
- Design
- RCT, n = 21, 2013
- Population
- 21 resistance-trained men completed (11 ATP, 10 placebo; full text)
- Form
- ATP disodium capsules
- Dose
- 400 mg a day
- Duration
- 12 weeks
- Source
- Reference 4 · PubMed 24330670 (opens PubMed)
DGrade DSquat repetitions at 100, 200 or 400 mgStrengthOnly first-set reps roseCrossover RCT
n 20 · 2021
Mixed 400 mg raised set-1 repetitions by 13% (p = 0.04), but total repetitions (+7%, p = 0.19) and weight lifted (+6%, p = 0.22) did not differ significantly; 100 mg had no benefit.
- Design
- Crossover RCT, n = 20, 2021
- Population
- Twenty recreationally trained men
- Form
- PeakATP
- Dose
- 100, 200 or 400 mg once
- Duration
- Single sessions a week apart
- Source
- Reference 7 · PubMed 34957398 (opens PubMed)
DGrade DReaction time and cognition after sprint exerciseReaction timeSome reaction-time measures betterCrossover RCT
n 20 · 2023
Mixed ATP lessened the post-sprint decline in hits and average reaction time on one visuomotor task and improved reaction time on another; object tracking, mood and cognitive test scores did not differ from placebo.
- Design
- Crossover RCT, n = 20, 2023
- Population
- Twenty adults
- Form
- PeakATP
- Dose
- 400 mg a day plus a dose 30 minutes before testing
- Duration
- 14 days per arm
- Source
- Reference 11 · PubMed 37599676 (opens PubMed)
DGrade DSquat volume after one doseStrengthMore weight liftedCrossover RCT
n 11 · 2019
Improved Total weight lifted was higher with ATP (4,967.4 kg) than placebo (3,995.7 kg; p = 0.005); heart rate and oxygen use were higher.
- Design
- Crossover RCT, n = 11, 2019
- Population
- Eleven recreationally trained men
- Form
- ATP
- Dose
- 400 mg once, 30 minutes before
- Duration
- Single session
- Source
- Reference 6 · PubMed 29045315 (opens PubMed)
∅No effectBlood ATP after 4 weeks of daily dosingAbsorptionNo rise in blood ATPRCT
n 32 · 2011
No effect Blood and plasma ATP did not change; only plasma uric acid rose, after 5000 mg; liver and kidney markers stayed normal.
- Design
- RCT, n = 32, 2011
- Population
- Thirty-two healthy subjects
- Form
- ATP in enteric-coated pellets
- Dose
- 0, 250, 1250 or 5000 mg a day
- Duration
- 28 days
- Source
- Reference 3 · PubMed 21129239 (opens PubMed)
∅No effectThree-minute all-out cycling testEnduranceNo benefitCrossover RCT
n 20 · 2023
No effect No significant differences in peak power, end power, work above end power or fatigue index.
- Design
- Crossover RCT, n = 20, 2023
- Population
- Twenty adults
- Form
- PeakATP
- Dose
- 400 mg a day plus a dose 30 minutes before testing
- Duration
- 14 days per arm
- Source
- Reference 9 · PubMed 37092374 (opens PubMed)
∅No effectIsokinetic knee strength after one doseStrengthNo strength gainCrossover RCT
n 18 · 2024
No effect No significant improvement in muscle strength; the drop in knee-extension strength across sets was delayed vs placebo.
- Design
- Crossover RCT, n = 18, 2024
- Population
- 18 trained men
- Form
- PeakATP
- Dose
- 400 mg once, 30 minutes before
- Duration
- Single session
- Source
- Reference 8 · PubMed 38193939 (opens PubMed)
∅No effectBlood ATP after a single large doseAbsorptionNo rise in blood ATPCrossover RCT
n 8 · 2012
No effect Blood ATP did not rise by any route; uric acid, ATP's end product, rose by ~50% vs placebo with proximal-release pellets.
- Design
- Crossover RCT, n = 8, 2012
- Population
- Eight healthy volunteers
- Form
- ATP in enteric-coated pellets or by naso-duodenal tube vs placebo
- Dose
- 5000 mg once
- Duration
- Single doses
- Source
- Reference 2 · PubMed 22510240 (opens PubMed)
What the numbers add up to
Each point is worked out from the data and the sources numbered on this page, with the arithmetic shown under it. It adds no new data and is not medical advice.
Uric acid, not ATP, goes up
Positive trials share a sponsor
Studied doses
Doses used in research, shown against the official limits. They describe the studies, not a recommendation for you.
Studied doses in research, not advice. These are amounts used in research, not personal advice. Your clinician or pharmacist can say what fits you.
Doses studied in human trials
Interactions and safety
Published interactions only: each row cites a source. No row means none was found in our sources, not that a combination is safe.
Interactions
0 agentsNone found in our sources.
Check with what you take
Kept on this device onlyAdd what you take. We list every interaction our evidence profiles cite between Oral ATP and your picks, and between your picks.
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Add a supplement or medicine you take to check it against Oral ATP.
Starting from one medicine? The interaction checker rates how serious each pair is, on a curated list of 19 entries for 11 medicines. This cabinet has no severity rating: it lists every interaction row our supplement pages cite.
Who should be careful
3 groups- Pregnancy, breastfeeding and children
- NCCIH notes that many dietary supplements have not been tested in pregnant women, nursing mothers or children.1
- Gout or high uric acid
- Swallowed ATP is broken down to uric acid: in a 28-day trial plasma uric acid rose only after 5,000 mg doses, and a single 5,000 mg dose released in the upper small intestine raised it by about 50%. Trials have not tested people with gout or kidney stones.32
- Medicines and surgery
- No published drug interactions for oral ATP were found in NCCIH guidance or the trials we cite; interaction data are lacking. NCCIH advises that supplements may interact with medications or pose risks before surgery, and to tell your health care providers about everything you use.1
How to read the label
What to check on the Supplement Facts panel.
How to read the label
1 checksWhere to buy Oral ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate)
Products from brands we partner with that contain Oral ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate). Check the amount per serving against the doses studied above, and the label for other ingredients.
Oral ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate) products from partner brands
1 product Paid links · we earn a commission- Quick pickHerbsProSolaray Peak ATP, 400 mg, 30 Veg Caps
1 capsule: 400 mg PeakATP (adenosine 5'-triphosphate disodium), 30 mg sodium
$28.89one-timeChecked Oct 15, 2026
Frequently asked questions
Short answers to common questions; the numbers link to the sources below.
Common questions
7 answersDoes ATP increase strength?
A 2024 meta-analysis of five small trials found 8.13 kg more maximal strength than placebo, but no change in repetitions or anaerobic power.10
Does ATP improve reaction time?
In one 20-person crossover trial, 400 mg a day for 14 days lessened the drop in some reaction-time measures after hard sprinting, but mood and cognitive test scores did not change.11
Is oral ATP safe?
How much ATP was used in studies?
Does oral ATP interact with medicines?
No published interaction studies or case reports were found; data are lacking. NCCIH advises telling your health care providers about any supplement, especially before surgery.1
Is oral ATP absorbed?
Sources
11 sources: trial abstracts, NIH fact sheets and reference databases. Numbers in the text link here.
Sources cited on this page
11 sources- 1Using Dietary Supplements WiselyFact sheet National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health (NCCIH), 2019 · nccih.nih.gov
- 2Adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP) supplements are not orally bioavailable: a randomized, placebo-controlled cross-over trial in healthy humans.Crossover RCT J Int Soc Sports Nutr, 2012 · PMID 22510240
- 3Oral bioavailability of ATP after prolonged administration.RCT Br J Nutr, 2011 · PMID 21129239
- 4Effects of oral adenosine-5'-triphosphate supplementation on athletic performance, skeletal muscle hypertrophy and recovery in resistance-trained men.RCT Nutr Metab (Lond), 2013 · PMID 24330670
- 5Oral Adenosine-5'-triphosphate (ATP) Administration Increases Postexercise ATP Levels, Muscle Excitability, and Athletic Performance Following a Repeated Sprint Bout.RCT J Am Coll Nutr, 2017 · PMID 28080323
- 6A Single Dose of Oral ATP Supplementation Improves Performance and Physiological Response During Lower Body Resistance Exercise in Recreational Resistance-Trained Males.Crossover RCT J Strength Cond Res, 2019 · PMID 29045315
- 7Dose Response of Acute ATP Supplementation on Strength Training Performance.Crossover RCT Front Sports Act Living, 2021 · PMID 34957398
- 8Acute Effect of Oral Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) Supplementation on Muscular Performance in Trained Adults.Crossover RCT J Am Nutr Assoc, 2024 · PMID 38193939
- 9The Effects of Two Weeks of Oral PeakATP(®) Supplementation on Performance during a Three-Minute All out Test.Crossover RCT J Funct Morphol Kinesiol, 2023 · PMID 37092374
- 10The Effect of Oral Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) Supplementation on Anaerobic Exercise in Healthy Resistance-Trained Individuals: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Meta-analysis Sports (Basel), 2024 · PMID 38535745
- 11Evaluating the effects of PeakATP® supplementation on visuomotor reaction time and cognitive function following high-intensity sprint exercise.Crossover RCT Front Nutr, 2023 · PMID 37599676
What changed
Every dated change to this page: what changed, who made it and why.
Change log
2 entries| Date | Change | Who and why |
|---|---|---|
| evidence, who should be careful, FAQ | Added a 2023 reaction-time crossover trial (PMID 37599676), a uric acid caution drawn from the absorption trials (21129239, 22510240), and FAQs on interactions and reaction time. Searched PubMed for 2024–2026 oral ATP trials; none newer than those listed. Fact-checked against the sources; corrected: the uric acid rise was tied to 5,000 mg doses rather than to 28 days of daily use, and the 50% rise applied only to release in the upper small intestine. | Writer: Kymata Health EditorialTrigger: A–Z page audit |
| all | Initial editorial evidence review. Every PMID checked against NCBI E-utilities esummary (title, year, journal; none retracted) and each cited abstract read; numbers taken from the abstracts (full text used only where noted for participant counts or funding). Funding: TSI USA funded the 2021 dose-response trial and authors of the 2013 strength trial worked for or consulted for TSI (full texts); the 2017 sprint trial's lead affiliation is Increnovo LLC; TSI Group Ltd. and CAPES grants are listed on PubMed for the 2023 and 2024 trials; the absorption-trial and meta-analysis authors declare no conflicts; other abstracts name no funder (disclosed as not stated). The 2013 trial's participant count (21 completers) is from the full text. No ATP-specific page exists on our approved safety sources, so safety rows use only NCCIH's general supplement guidance. Where to buy: Solaray Peak ATP 400 mg (label checked 2026-10-15). | Writer: Kymata Health EditorialTrigger: new page |
Supplement & Nutrient Encyclopedia. Educational information only; it is not medical advice and does not replace a clinician. Dietary supplements are not intended to diagnose, treat, cure or prevent any disease. Statements about supplements have not been evaluated by the FDA.